Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
Assist.prof.Dr. Asaad Al-Shuwaili
- Introduction
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. It causes severe economic losses due to its impact on livestock production and international trade.
- Causative Agent
FMD is caused by the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family and the Aphthovirus genus. There are seven major serotypes of the virus: A, O, C, Asia-1, SAT-1, SAT-2, and SAT-3. Infection with one serotype does not confer immunity against others.
- Modes of Transmission
The virus spreads through multiple routes, including:
• Direct contact between infected and susceptible animals.
• Inhalation or ingestion of contaminated food or water.
• Contaminated equipment, clothing, footwear, and vehicles.
• Airborne transmission, where the virus can spread over long distances.
- Clinical Signs
The severity of symptoms depends on the species and strain of the virus. Common clinical signs include:
• Fever.
• Blisters and ulcers in the mouth, tongue, lips, teats, and feet.
• Excessive salivation and difficulty eating.
• Lameness due to hoof lesions.
• Reduced milk production in dairy cattle.
• In severe cases, especially in young animals, infection may lead to death.
- Diagnosis
FMD diagnosis is based on:
• Clinical examination of symptoms.
• Laboratory tests, including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), virus isolation, and virus neutralization test (VNT).
• Serological assays to detect antibodies.
- Control and Prevention
Effective strategies for FMD control and prevention include:
• Vaccination: A crucial measure for controlling FMD, but vaccines must match the circulating strain in the region.
• Quarantine: Infected and suspected animals should be isolated to prevent further spread.
• Safe Disposal: Proper disposal of infected carcasses to prevent environmental contamination.
• Disinfection: Using effective disinfectants such as formaldehyde, sodium hydroxide, or quaternary ammonium compounds.
• Movement Control: Restricting animal movement between regions to limit disease spread.
- Economic Impact
FMD causes significant economic losses due to:
• Reduced meat and milk production.
• Costs associated with control and vaccination programs.
• Trade restrictions on livestock and animal products.
• High mortality rates, especially in young animals.
- Conclusion
Foot-and-Mouth Disease remains one of the most critical livestock diseases affecting global agricultural economies. Effective control requires strict biosecurity measures, vaccination, and international cooperation to prevent outbreaks and minimize economic losses.
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